認識紅景天,紅景天的功能

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　　紅景天為景天科天屬Rhodiola L.的多年生草本或葉灌木，常具肉質根及根狀莖，是近年新開發的新興中草藥，主要以其根和根莖入藥，全株亦可入藥。性涼，味甘、苦、澀，有養肺清熱、滋補元氣的功能。製劑能增強體力和抵抗力，因此通常用作對慢性病和體弱易感染病人的治療。臨床用於治療神經衰落弱和神經官能症，提高注意力、記憶力，高原紅細胞增多症，高血壓病；作為興奮神經劑，用於提高智能力、改善植物神經-血管張力障礙有肌無力等；用於自由基增多的疾患，如腫瘤，幅射損傷，肺氣腫，老年白內障等；還作為強壯劑，用於陽 痿等；紅景天製劑還用於運動醫學及航天醫學，用於在各種特殊環境條件下工作人員的健康防護。具有滋補強壯、抗缺氧、抗微波幅射、抗毒、活血化瘀、抗腫瘤、抗衰老等作用，同時對神經系統、內分泌系統、心肌缺氧耐力、物質代謝等均有良好的影響與作用。

　　國內外的歷史考證 根據史料記載，我國古代人民從公元八世紀起就有用紅景天治療疾病的記載，【四部醫典】記："蘇洛瑪保"有治血病、赤巴病、瘡療潰爛。【溫島合】記："蘇洛瑪保"清熱養肺，補元氣，除口臭，浸水沐浴消除諸病，亦作供神的祭品。相繼在【甘露之滴】、【圖鑑】、【晶珠本草】中均記載有清肺熱、除疫癘、治脈病、肺病、瘟病時疫等。又據記載，清朝歷代皇帝專門派員尋找紅景天，並向各地索取紅景天作為貢品。康熙在西北地區平息動亂的征戰中因人蔘熱量過盛而選用紅景天作為清除軍旅疲勞，提高戰鬥力的藥物。據國外藥典記載，早就在民間醫學中用來治療疾病。前蘇聯現代勃列克赫曼學派對人蔘、刺五加、紅景天等進行了深入研究，提出了相似我國中醫"扶正固本"的"適應原"學說，認定紅景天植物有良好的"適應原"樣的作用，具免疫作用優於人蔘。據此學說，薩拉季科夫教授從紅景天（Rhodiola rosea L.）中分離出具有滋補強壯作用的紅景天苷（Salidroside）和酪醇（Tgrodsol），並從中發現紅景天根及根莖中含有多達十幾種具有生物活性的微量元素。他認為不能用自然方法克服過度疲勞而恢復精力時，服用紅景天流浸膏有顯著效果且無毒無成癮性，還能用紅景天製造不含酒精但能增強類似酒類快感，並能提高工作效率的飲料。前蘇聯還通過數理統計方法選出最優紅景天在流浸膏的配方比例，製成紅景天製劑。如景天浸膏片，給予航員、飛行員、潛水員、運動員和從事勞動強度大的人服用。蘇科學家還發現紅景天苷及其苷元對老年性心肌衰弱、陽痿、糖尿病、肺結核、神經衰弱等均有顯著治療作用。

　　紅景天屬植物在全球約有近100種，我國有70餘種，青康藏高原有55種，西藏有32種，分佈於我國東北、華北、西北及西南的高寒山區。野生資源極少。西藏是素有"世界屋脊"著稱的青藏高原的主體部份，由於它特有的自然地理、氣候條件，造就了一大群特有的植物種群，不只在形態上，生理上特殊，其內含活性成份亦複雜而量多。這些種群大都分佈在海拔3000-5000 m的高原地帶。紅景天便是這個類群的代表之一。現已知本屬植物含紅景天苷的有有14種。目前作藥用或保健品應用的種類有：大花紅景天Rhodiola crenulata(Hook.f.et Thomx.)H.Ohba，紅景天R. Rosea L，庫頁紅景天R. sachalinensis A.Bor.，狹葉紅景天R. kirilowii(Regel)Maxim.，深紅紅景天R.coccinea(Royle)A.Bor.。

　　大花紅景天主要成份為：紅景天苷（Salidroside）及其苷元酪醇（Tryosol）、6-氧-沒食子醯基紅景天苷、1,2,3,4,6-五氧-沒食子醯基-β-D-呲喃葡萄糖、草質素-7-氧-α-L-呲喃李糖苷、草質素-7-氧-（3-氧-β-D-呲喃葡萄糖基）-α-L-呲喃李糖苷；另外還含有黃酮苷、沒食子酸、山奈酚、槲皮素、酪薩維(Rosavin)、酪生(Rosarin)、酪薩利(Rosin)等結構等。紅景天根中含有黃酮苷Rhodionin、Rhodiosin、Rhodiolin，約有30種揮發油，其中Sosaol含量最高，占約26%，還有β-石竹烯、α-橄香烯等。地上部份含有Rhodiolgin、Rhodionidin和Rhodiolgidin等。紅景天不同種的植物中紅景天苷的含量相差較大，經由HPLC等不同的方法測定10種紅景天植物中的紅景天苷和百脈苷含量，其中以狹葉紅景天、吉氏紅景天、四裂紅景天、對葉紅景天，所含紅景天苷和百脈苷為高含量。



紅景天功用




認識紅景天 紅景天功用 參考文獻
1 .抗疲勞作用 口服狹葉紅景天使小鼠爬欄時間、游泳時間和負荷游泳時間延長。能縮短疲勞之後恢復所需時間，提高酶、 RNA和蛋白質水平，使疲勞後肌肉儘快恢復（3, 23, 71）。

2 .對中樞神經介質的影響 紅景天能使小鼠在游泳條件下5-羥色胺含量正常化，即已離正常沙丘中樞神經介質含量得到糾正或達到正常水平。小鼠注射紅景天苷(30-300mg/kg)能降低5-羥色胺的水平（15,23）。

在有憂鬱症大白鼠的實驗中，紅景天可以改善受傷大腦的海馬迴中的血清素濃度回復到正常，並刺激幹細胞修復神經原（61, 65）。在大腦缺血時，紅景天苷可以保護神經元細胞，降低其傷害(72)。可以保護神經細胞，降低自由基的傷害(78)。

3 .抗缺氧作用 口服紅景天、狹葉紅景天、深紅紅景天的提取物均可使試驗動物對各種缺氧模式表現出明顯對抗作用，其作用強於人蔘和刺五加，且增加心臟冠狀動脈的血流量，並降低心臟病的發生率（5,21,23,34,37,38）。可以保護心肌細胞，減少缺氧對心肌細胞細胞凋亡及壞死(67)。紅景天萃取物可以抑制母鼠的行為和生理在慢性壓力下的改變(69)。

4 . 抗衰老作用 大紅紅景天醇提取物能提高大白鼠紅細胞、肝臟SOD的活性，並有增加心肌SOD活性的趨勢。紅野亞麻蠅飲用紅景天提取液，可明顯延長壽命，延壽率優於人蔘。紅景天素有促進2BS細胞增殖和降低死亡率的作用，能抑制大鼠細胞過氧化脂質和增強血清超氧化物歧化酶的活性（5,22,23,24,34,54）。 是不錯的細胞保護劑和抗氧化劑 (55)。 根據體外試驗，紅景天抗自由基的能力，其能力並非為主要的抗自由基主力，相反的無明確證據顯示具有強力的抗自由基功能( 59, 60 ) 。 Salidroside可以保護內皮細胞因氯化鈷所誘導的細胞凋亡(63)。

5 .抗腫瘤 紅景天素對S180細胞確有一定的抑制作用，在無毒副劑量範圍內，這種作用隨濃度增大而增強。連續口服紅景天提取物可降低變紅菌素對小鼠小腸璧的致癌損傷程度，並提高機體抗癌能力（23,26,33,36,41,42,43,45）。可以抑制血癌中的白血球生長，是個潛在有效的細胞抑制劑 (49, 76)。大花紅景天可以抑制乳癌細胞的生長和誘導其死亡(73)。

6 .解毒作用 紅景天具有拮抗士的寧中毒作用，能提高士的寧中毒後小鼠的生存率達50%；還具有拮抗棒狀桿菌毒素的作用，並能對抗破傷風等各種細菌毒素，增加服用烈性毒藥、氰化納、亞硝酸鈉小鼠存活時間或生存率（11,12,13,23）。紅景天苷可以保護小白鼠因乙醯胺酚的肝毒性對肝臟的傷害(74)。

7 .其他作用 紅景天有適應原樣作用和雙向調節作用。經微波幅射的小鼠腦內單胺递質、脾臟及胸腺內環磷酸腺苷、淋巴細胞轉化率、血清溶血素等出現抑制性變化，紅景天可使之恢復正常。注射紅景天苷後，能增強家兔的甲狀腺功能及腎上腺功能，並能興奮小鼠卵內分泌功能。提高注意力和記憶力。提高血槳中β-吲哚酚的水平，阻止壓力激素的變化（7,10,27,28,29,31,32,35,39,44）。 提高人體T淋巴球免疫能力(66)。

8 .對肝臟具有保護的作用（8,19,40）。

9 .可以降低流行性感冒病毒(H1N1, H9N2)活性的作用(58)。紅景天苷具有抗腸病毒 克沙奇B3型 (Coxsackievirus B3) 病毒的能力(70)。

10 . 紅景天中的活性成份Salidroside，可以抑制在高血糖情況下誘導腎小球膜細胞增生(62)。在大白鼠的實驗中，紅景天萃取物可以降低大白鼠糖尿病發生率(64)。紅景天苷可以提升肌肉細胞對胰島素的感受度，減少糖尿病的發生(75)。

11 .紅景天的根可以抑制單胺氧化酶的活性，降低憂鬱症的發生(68)。

12 .可以緩解壓力，降低厭食症發生的機率(77)。


參考文獻




認識紅景天 紅景天功用 參考文獻
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63 .Protective effects of salidroside on endothelial cell apoptosis induced by cobalt chloride.(2009)Tan CB, Gao M, Xu WR, Yang XY, Zhu XM, Du GH.Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 Aug;32(8):1359-63.

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67 .Salidroside protects cardiomyocyte against hypoxia-induced death: a HIF-1alpha-activated and VEGF-mediated pathway.(2009)Zhang J, Liu A, Hou R, Zhang J, Jia X, Jiang W, Chen J.Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Apr 1;607(1-3):6-14.

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70 .The in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of salidroside from Rhodiola rosea L. against coxsackievirus B3.(2009)Wang H, Ding Y, Zhou J, Sun X, Wang S.Phytomedicine. 2009 Mar;16(2-3):146-55.

71 .Chronic Rhodiola rosea extract supplementation enforces exhaustive swimming tolerance.(2009)Lee FT, Kuo TY, Liou SY, Chien CT.Am J Chin Med. 2009;37(3):557-72.

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73 .Rhodiola crenulata induces death and inhibits growth of breast cancer cell lines.(2008)Tu Y, Roberts L, Shetty K, Schneider SS.J Med Food. 2008 Sep;11(3):413-23.

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76 .Aqueous extract of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome inhibits proliferation of an erythroleukemic cell line K-562 by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase.(2008)Mishra KP, Padwad YS, Dutta A, Ganju L, Sairam M, Banerjee PK, Sawhney RC.Immunobiology. 2008;213(2):125-31..

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